Summary of hypothetical routes
- Direct injection into the supratrochlear artery and then in turn into the ophthalmic circulation.
- Direct injection into the supraorbital artery and then into the ophthalmic circulation
- Direct injection into the dorsal nasal artery and then into the supra- trochlear artery and in turn into the ophthalmic circulation.
- Direct injection into the angular artery and then into the supratrochlear artery and on to the ophthalmic artery
- Injection into the palpebral arteries which branch from the supra- trochlear and ophthalmic arteries.
- Direct injection into the superficial temporal artery and then through anastomoses into the supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries and then into the ophthalmic circulation
- Direct injection into the Deep temporal artery and then through the maxillary artery and the accessory branch of the middle meningeal artery into the ophthalmic circulation.
- Direct injection into the middle temporal vein and then through the veins that drain the eye into the cavernous sinus
- Blockage of the ophthalmic vein superior and inferior through injections of the periorbital area.
